How to Avoid Traffic in Lagos During Rush Hour

You’ve been on Third Mainland Bridge for 45 minutes, and the car in front of you hasn’t moved an inch. The sun is blazing, horns are blaring, and your patience is melting faster than your fuel gauge drops.

If this sounds familiar, welcome to Lagos — the city that never sleeps but always honks. Every Lagosian knows the struggle of navigating the city’s notorious gridlock, especially during rush hour.

Understanding how to avoid traffic in Lagos during rush hour isn’t just about convenience — it’s about reclaiming your time, sanity, and productivity. Studies have shown that an average Lagos commuter spends up to four hours daily in traffic, adding up to nearly 1,400 hours a year — time that could have been spent working, relaxing, or being with family. From the Lekki–Ajah Expressway to Ikorodu Road and the unpredictable Third Mainland Bridge, congestion is practically a part of daily life.

Yet, with smart planning, the right tools, and a few insider strategies, you can beat the system and move through Lagos more efficiently. In this guide, we’ll share practical tips and real-world hacks that will help you avoid the worst traffic jams, choose better routes, and make your commute faster and less stressful.

Understanding Lagos Rush Hour

Rush hour in Lagos is more than just a time of day — it’s a full-blown daily ritual that tests the patience of even the calmest driver. For most residents, traffic congestion starts as early as 6:30 a.m. and can stretch until 9:30 a.m., as thousands of commuters head from the mainland to the island for work.

The evening rush isn’t any better; between 4:30 p.m. and 8:00 p.m., the same roads clog up again as people return home, creating a gridlock that feels almost endless.

The major traffic hotspots in Lagos are easy to spot — and harder to avoid. Routes like the Third Mainland Bridge, Lekki–Ajah Expressway, Ikorodu Road, and Agege Motor Road are often packed during peak hours.

Add unpredictable factors like road construction, broken-down vehicles, or sudden rain, and you’ve got the perfect recipe for frustration. Even short trips that should take 20 minutes can stretch into two-hour journeys.

Understanding these patterns is the first step toward learning how to avoid traffic in Lagos during rush hour. By knowing when and where congestion peaks, you can plan smarter routes, adjust your departure times, and use navigation tools to bypass common choke points. Mastering Lagos rush hour is all about strategy — not luck.

Top Tips on How to Avoid Traffic in Lagos During Rush Hour

No matter how frustrating the gridlock gets, there are smart ways to beat it. If you’re wondering how to avoid traffic in Lagos during rush hour, these practical tips can save you hours every week and make your daily commute far less stressful.

1. Leave Early or Late: Adjust Your Travel Schedule

Timing is everything in Lagos. One of the simplest yet most effective ways to avoid rush hour chaos is to leave before 6 a.m. or after 9 a.m. for morning commutes. Similarly, in the evenings, heading out before 4 p.m. or waiting until after 8 p.m. can help you dodge the worst of the congestion.

If your schedule allows, shifting your work hours slightly earlier or later can make a massive difference. Planning around peak times is the first step in mastering Lagos roads.

2. Use Real-Time Traffic Apps

Technology is your best ally. Apps like Google Maps, GidiTraffic, and Waze give live updates on road conditions, accidents, and estimated travel times. These tools help you choose the fastest routes and reroute instantly if there’s sudden gridlock.

Enable push notifications or voice navigation so you can stay informed without distraction. Knowing exactly where the traffic hotspots in Lagos are before you leave can save you precious time and fuel.

3. Try Alternative Routes

Lagos is full of shortcuts known mostly to experienced drivers and locals. If you regularly travel from the mainland to the island, explore Eko Bridge, Carter Bridge, or even Lekki–Ikoyi Link Bridge as alternatives to Third Mainland.

On the mainland, routes through Yaba, Ojuelegba, or Anthony Village can sometimes help you avoid the jams on Ikorodu Road. Experimenting with different routes once or twice a week can reveal hidden paths that make commuting smoother.

4. Use BRT or Ride-Sharing Services

Public transport in Lagos has improved in recent years. The Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system offers a more predictable travel time thanks to dedicated lanes. Alternatively, try ride-sharing or carpooling platforms to split costs, reduce the number of cars on the road, and enjoy company during long drives. It’s an eco-friendly and stress-reducing option, especially during evening rush hour.

5. Work Remotely or Carpool When Possible

With many Lagos businesses now open to hybrid work, consider working from home a few days a week. Even cutting your commute by two or three days can drastically lower your weekly stress. If remote work isn’t an option, find colleagues or friends who live nearby and carpool. Fewer cars mean lighter traffic for everyone — and more savings on fuel.

Beating Lagos traffic requires strategy, flexibility, and the right mindset. By combining these approaches, you can finally take control of your commute and truly learn how to avoid traffic in Lagos during rush hour like a pro.

Best Days and Times to Travel in Lagos

Knowing the best time to drive in Lagos can make a huge difference in how much time you spend on the road. While Lagos traffic is almost constant, certain days and times are noticeably smoother — and others are pure gridlock.

Generally, Monday mornings and Friday evenings are the worst times to be on the road. On Mondays, everyone is heading back to work or school, causing heavy congestion on routes like Ikorodu Road, Lekki–Ajah Expressway, and Third Mainland Bridge.

By Friday evening, traffic builds up again as people rush to unwind or travel out of town for the weekend. These periods are the most unpredictable and should be avoided when possible.

On the flip side, mid-mornings between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. tend to be the calmest for driving, especially Tuesday through Thursday. You’ll encounter fewer vehicles and enjoy a smoother journey. Sunday mornings are also known to be the most peaceful — perfect for errands, long drives, or visiting friends across town.

If you can plan your movements around these patterns, you’ll quickly discover that the best time to drive in Lagos is often when most people are still indoors. Strategic timing can turn even a hectic city like Lagos into a manageable commute.

Bonus: Apps & Tools That Help Lagosians Beat Traffic

Technology has made navigating Lagos roads a lot smarter and less stressful. With the right traffic apps in Lagos, you can plan your journey, monitor road conditions, and even find alternative routes before getting stuck in gridlock. Here are some of the most useful tools every Lagos driver should have:

1. Google Maps

Still the most reliable navigation app, Google Maps provides real-time traffic updates, estimated arrival times, and alternative routes. It uses data from millions of drivers to predict congestion — perfect for avoiding rush hour in Lagos.

2. GidiTraffic

A local favorite, GidiTraffic operates through Twitter (X) and its app, offering live traffic reports shared by Lagos drivers. You’ll get updates on accidents, roadblocks, and flooding — straight from people on the road.

3. Waze

Owned by Google, Waze is community-driven and great for spotting police checkpoints, hazards, and road closures. It also gives voice directions and suggests faster detours in real time.

4. Lagos BRT App

For commuters using public transport, the Lagos BRT app helps track bus schedules, routes, and station updates, making city travel more predictable.

Using these traffic apps in Lagos can save you countless hours and help you stay one step ahead of the chaos. Combine them with smart timing, and you’ll master the art of moving through Lagos efficiently.

Conclusion: Mastering Lagos Roads

Surviving — and even mastering — Lagos traffic takes more than patience; it takes strategy. By now, you’ve learned practical ways on how to avoid traffic in Lagos during rush hour — from adjusting your travel schedule and using real-time navigation apps, to exploring alternative routes and even working remotely when possible.

Knowing the best time to drive in Lagos and using the right traffic apps in Lagos can turn your commute from frustrating to manageable.

Remember, Lagos is a fast-paced city that rewards those who plan ahead. Whether you’re driving to work on the island, picking up kids from school, or running errands across the mainland, timing, technology, and flexibility are your greatest allies.

So next time you hit the road, put these strategies to work and enjoy a smoother, less stressful journey. And don’t keep the secret to yourself — share this post with friends and help more Lagosians beat the jam!

Frequently Asked Questions

How to reduce traffic during rush hour?

Reducing traffic during rush hour in Lagos requires a combination of planning, discipline, and adopting smarter transportation habits. One of the most effective ways to ease congestion is through flexible work hours. Many companies in Lagos operate strictly from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., which causes everyone to leave for work and return home at the same time.

By introducing flexible or remote working options, employers can help reduce the number of people on the road during peak hours. Employees who start earlier or later contribute to a smoother traffic flow.

Another important strategy is carpooling. When more people share rides to and from work, it reduces the number of vehicles on the road. Friends, neighbors, or co-workers living in the same area can organize carpooling groups using ride-sharing apps or social media. It’s not only cheaper but also eco-friendly.

Public transportation improvement is another major solution. The Lagos State Government has been working on expanding the BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) system, which offers faster and more organized transport options. If more commuters rely on buses, trains, and ferries instead of private cars, the roads will be less congested.

Technology can also play a big role in reducing rush-hour traffic. Navigation apps like Google Maps, Waze, and Apple Maps help drivers avoid heavy traffic routes in real-time. Using these tools can save hours spent in gridlocks.

Lastly, personal discipline is key. Drivers should avoid unnecessary road stops, double parking, and blocking lanes, especially during busy hours. Obeying traffic lights and avoiding road rage also contributes to better flow. The government can enforce stricter traffic laws to discourage bad driving behavior, which often worsens congestion.

In summary, reducing rush hour traffic in Lagos is not the job of the government alone—it requires collective effort. Employers must promote flexible work systems, commuters should consider carpooling or public transport, and drivers must respect traffic rules. With the right coordination and discipline, rush hour in Lagos can become far less stressful.

How to avoid Lagos traffic?

Avoiding Lagos traffic is an art that every resident must master. The first step is understanding traffic patterns. Lagos roads are busiest between 6:30–9:00 a.m. and 4:30–8:30 p.m. To avoid getting stuck, plan your movement before or after these hours. Leaving home by 5:30 a.m. or waiting until 9:30 a.m. can save hours of frustration.

Another effective method is using real-time traffic apps. Platforms like Google Maps and Waze show live traffic updates and alternative routes. Lagos roads can be unpredictable due to accidents, broken-down vehicles, or sudden rainfall, so checking your route before leaving is essential.

If your work allows, try remote work or hybrid schedules. Working from home a few days a week reduces the stress of commuting and saves money on fuel and vehicle maintenance. Employers are increasingly open to such arrangements because it boosts productivity.

Using public transportation such as the BRT, ferries, or the new Lagos Blue Line Rail can also help you skip the worst of the jams. BRT lanes are dedicated, so buses move faster even when regular lanes are blocked. Ferries are a hidden gem—routes like Ikorodu to Victoria Island or CMS can save hours that would otherwise be spent in gridlock.

Another underrated trick is trip batching. Instead of making multiple short trips during the day, combine your errands into one well-planned journey. You can also plan meetings closer to your location or use delivery services instead of driving.

Lastly, keep an eye on traffic news on radio stations such as Lagos Traffic Radio 96.1FM. They give regular updates on hotspots to avoid. Timing, planning, and flexibility are your greatest tools to outsmart Lagos traffic.

What time is rush hour in Lagos?

Rush hour in Lagos typically occurs during two major windows: the morning rush between 6:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m., and the evening rush from 4:00 p.m. to 8:30 p.m.. These times coincide with when most people are commuting to and from work or school. However, the exact timing can vary depending on location, weather, and special events.

During the morning rush, major routes such as the Third Mainland Bridge, Ikorodu Road, Lekki-Epe Expressway, and Apapa-Oshodi Expressway experience heavy traffic. This is because most workers are heading toward the Island or central business districts like Victoria Island, Ikeja, or Lagos Island.

In the evenings, the direction of the traffic flips—people are returning to the mainland or outskirts such as Ikorodu, Festac, and Ajah. The combination of limited road space, poor road conditions, and frequent breakdowns makes movement slow.

It’s also worth noting that Fridays usually experience worse traffic due to early closures, social events, and weekend movements. Rainy days can also stretch rush hour longer than usual because flooding slows vehicles down.

Smart commuters plan around these hours. Leaving early, using alternate routes, or switching to BRT buses can significantly reduce travel time. Those with flexible jobs can start earlier or later to avoid the traffic wave altogether.

Rush hour in Lagos is a predictable daily challenge, but with planning and awareness, it can be managed effectively.

What are the two methods that can be used to reduce traffic congestion?

Two primary methods to reduce traffic congestion in Lagos are improving public transportation and promoting carpooling. Both methods target the root cause of congestion—too many private vehicles on the road at the same time.

1. Public Transportation Improvement:

When reliable, safe, and efficient public transport options are available, fewer people will need to drive. The Lagos government’s BRT system is a good example—it offers a faster and more predictable travel experience.

Expanding this network, along with the new Blue and Red Line trains, can drastically reduce the dependency on personal cars. Additionally, water transportation should be expanded across coastal communities to ease pressure on roads. A good transport system not only reduces traffic but also lowers pollution and commuting costs.

2. Carpooling and Ride-Sharing:

Carpooling means multiple people sharing one vehicle instead of everyone driving separately. This can be done informally among neighbors or through ride-sharing apps like Bolt Share. Fewer cars mean less congestion and lower fuel costs. It’s also more eco-friendly and reduces wear and tear on roads.

Combining these two approaches creates a strong framework for easing congestion. If the government continues to improve transport systems while individuals adopt carpooling, Lagos can achieve smoother mobility despite its growing population.

What should people do to avoid rush hours?

To avoid rush hours in Lagos, people need to adopt smarter travel habits and use technology to their advantage. One effective step is leaving earlier or later than the traditional rush hour times.

Starting your day by 5:30 a.m. or waiting until after 9:30 a.m. can save you hours on the road. Similarly, staying a bit longer at work or heading home after 8 p.m. helps you skip the evening jam.

Remote work is another practical solution. Many organizations now allow employees to work from home part of the week. This flexibility not only saves time but also reduces stress and fuel expenses.

Another powerful strategy is using navigation apps. Tools like Google Maps or Waze can alert you to road closures, traffic jams, or accidents in real-time, helping you choose better routes.

If possible, use public transport options like BRT buses or ferries. These systems are designed to move faster during peak hours. Ferries, for instance, bypass road traffic completely and offer a peaceful, faster alternative to mainland-island commutes.

You can also plan your errands strategically. Combine multiple tasks in one trip instead of making several short journeys throughout the day. Avoid scheduling meetings or appointments during peak periods, and use delivery services where possible.

Lastly, cultivate patience and discipline on the road. Aggressive driving, lane jumping, or ignoring traffic lights only worsens congestion. Lagos roads are unpredictable, but those who plan ahead, stay informed, and remain disciplined will always find ways to avoid the rush.

What is the best solution to traffic?

The best solution to traffic in Lagos is a combination of efficient public transportation, traffic law enforcement, and smart city planning. No single approach can fix the problem; it requires collective action from the government, commuters, and private organizations.

First, improving public transport is the most sustainable way to reduce congestion. The more reliable and accessible the system, the fewer people will rely on personal cars.

Lagos is already moving in this direction with the BRT buses, Lagos Blue Line rail, and water transport systems. Expanding these services to reach more parts of the city, including densely populated areas like Ikorodu and Ajah, will drastically cut down traffic volumes.

Second, traffic management and enforcement must be strengthened. Many traffic jams in Lagos are not caused by too many cars but by poor driving habits, illegal parking, and lack of discipline.

The Lagos State Traffic Management Authority (LASTMA) needs to ensure strict compliance with road laws. Drivers who block intersections or use one-way routes should face penalties. Law enforcement should also be fair and transparent to encourage public cooperation.

Third, smart city technology can help manage congestion. Installing traffic cameras, digital signals, and synchronized traffic lights can improve flow at intersections. Real-time traffic data can be used to adjust signals and alert drivers through mobile apps.

Finally, long-term city planning is essential. Lagos has grown faster than its infrastructure. The government must build new roads, maintain old ones, and create alternative routes that connect major districts. Housing development should also be encouraged outside the city center to reduce commuting pressure.

Ultimately, the best solution lies in balance. If public transport improves, laws are enforced, and drivers adopt discipline, traffic congestion in Lagos can be significantly reduced, making movement easier and life more productive.

Why is Lagos traffic so bad?

Lagos traffic is notoriously bad because of overpopulation, limited road networks, and poor driving discipline. The city is home to over 20 million people but has a road system designed for far fewer. Every day, millions of cars, buses, and motorcycles compete for limited space, especially during rush hours.

Another reason is urban design imbalance. Most offices and business districts are located on Lagos Island—areas like Victoria Island, Ikoyi, and Lekki—while many residents live on the mainland in places like Ikeja, Ojota, or Ikorodu.

This means that during the day, everyone moves in one direction (toward the Island), and in the evening, they all return. The resulting bottleneck makes roads like Third Mainland Bridge, Ikorodu Road, and Lekki-Epe Expressway highly congested.

Poor driving behavior is another major factor. Many drivers disobey traffic rules, block lanes, and create illegal shortcuts, which worsen jams. The frequent breakdown of vehicles due to poor maintenance also causes long delays.

Inadequate public transport contributes too. Because many people don’t trust public buses or ferries to be reliable, they prefer driving private cars. This puts even more pressure on the roads.

Additionally, bad roads and flooding worsen the situation. During rainy seasons, even short routes can become nearly impassable. The lack of proper drainage means roads get damaged quickly, leading to slower movement.

In summary, Lagos traffic is bad because of population growth, unbalanced development, limited transport options, and poor road discipline. Until all these areas are addressed together, gridlock will continue to be a daily struggle.

How to avoid high traffic?

Avoiding high traffic in Lagos requires a mix of timing, route selection, and smart commuting choices. The most important factor is when you travel. Peak hours in Lagos are predictable, so leaving before 6 a.m. or after 9 a.m. in the morning helps you bypass the worst jams. In the evening, aim to travel before 4 p.m. or after 8 p.m.

Another effective method is using navigation apps like Google Maps, Apple Maps, or Waze. These apps show live updates about traffic conditions and can suggest alternative routes. Lagos roads are dynamic; accidents, construction, or a simple downpour can change traffic flow within minutes. Having real-time data helps you make smarter decisions.

If you can, opt for public transport systems such as BRT buses or ferries. The BRT lanes are dedicated and move faster, while ferries completely bypass road traffic. For those living near the water, routes like Ikorodu–CMS or Lekki–Falomo are time-savers.

Working remotely or adopting flexible work hours also makes a big difference. Many organizations now understand the importance of employee flexibility. Even a small shift—starting work at 7 a.m. or 10 a.m.—can keep you out of heavy traffic.

You can also avoid traffic by planning your week strategically. Combine errands, attend online meetings instead of commuting, and avoid major roadways known for bottlenecks during peak times.

Lastly, keep track of local traffic reports through Lagos Traffic Radio or Twitter handles of LASTMA. Staying informed is one of the smartest ways to stay ahead of the congestion curve.

How is traffic managed in Lagos?

Traffic in Lagos is managed by several agencies, primarily the Lagos State Traffic Management Authority (LASTMA), supported by the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) and the Nigerian Police Traffic Unit. Their roles include regulating traffic flow, controlling intersections, penalizing traffic offenders, and responding to accidents or breakdowns.

LASTMA officers are visible across major roads and junctions, especially during rush hours. They help direct vehicles, enforce one-way restrictions, and clear obstructions. However, due to the city’s vastness, there are not always enough officers to cover every area effectively.

The Lagos government has also introduced technological solutions to improve management. These include traffic cameras, smart lights, and digital monitoring systems in some areas. The BRT system operates with dedicated lanes, reducing congestion on major corridors.

Additionally, road infrastructure projects such as the expansion of Lekki-Epe Expressway, construction of flyovers, and development of new railway lines are part of the city’s traffic management strategy.

The Lagos Traffic Radio 96.1FM provides live updates to inform motorists about road conditions, accidents, and alternative routes. Citizens are encouraged to plan trips based on these updates.

Despite these efforts, challenges remain—such as corruption, indiscipline among drivers, and inadequate infrastructure. For traffic management to be fully effective, Lagos needs continuous investment in technology, improved training for officers, and stricter enforcement of traffic laws.

Overall, traffic management in Lagos is improving, but success depends on consistent policy implementation and the cooperation of road users.

How to survive in Lagos?

Surviving in Lagos requires patience, smart planning, and adaptability. Lagos is fast-paced, crowded, and competitive, but it also offers great opportunities. To thrive here, you must learn how to balance stress and productivity.

The first rule is time management. Lagos traffic can disrupt your schedule, so always plan ahead. Leave early, keep buffer time for appointments, and use apps to monitor routes. Punctuality is key to reducing daily stress.

Secondly, budget wisely. The cost of living in Lagos can be high, especially for transport, rent, and food. Track your expenses, find affordable local markets, and use public transport where possible to save costs.

Security awareness is another survival skill. Always stay alert in crowded areas and avoid carrying large sums of cash. Use trusted ride-hailing services and inform someone about your location when traveling late.

Lagos can also be mentally exhausting, so maintaining a work-life balance is essential. Take breaks, enjoy the beaches, parks, and social events around the city. The city’s diversity means there’s always something exciting happening—music shows, food festivals, or art fairs.

Networking is vital in Lagos. Opportunities often come from connections. Attend industry events, join professional groups, and maintain a positive attitude.

Lastly, adopt a resilient mindset. Lagos rewards those who are persistent and creative. Traffic, noise, and hustle are part of the city’s rhythm, but with discipline and adaptability, anyone can not only survive but also succeed in Lagos.

Does rush hour start at 4pm?

Yes, rush hour in Lagos generally starts around 4:00 p.m., but the intensity depends on the day, weather, and area. For most parts of the city, 4 p.m. marks the beginning of the evening traffic build-up as workers start closing from offices, schools dismiss students, and commercial activities wind down. However, while 4 p.m. is the official start, the heaviest traffic often happens between 5:30 p.m. and 8:30 p.m., when the majority of people are on the move.

To understand why this happens, we must look at the city’s daily rhythm. Lagos is a commercial hub where millions commute between the Island (business areas like Victoria Island, Lekki, and Ikoyi) and the Mainland (residential areas like Ikeja, Surulere, and Ikorodu). Since most offices close at 4 p.m. or 5 p.m., everyone hits the road almost simultaneously. This mass movement floods major routes such as the Third Mainland Bridge, Lekki-Epe Expressway, Ikorodu Road, and Apapa-Oshodi Expressway.

Another factor that worsens the 4 p.m. rush hour is the limited road network compared to the city’s massive population. Lagos has more vehicles than its infrastructure can handle, so even a small disruption — such as a breakdown or minor accident — can cause hours of gridlock. Weather conditions also play a role; when it rains around 4 or 5 p.m., the situation gets worse due to flooding and reduced visibility.

Smart Lagosians have learned to plan their day around this timeline. Those who can leave work early (around 3 p.m.) often beat the traffic. Others prefer to stay back until after 8 p.m., using the time to rest, network, or attend evening programs before heading home.

Using traffic navigation apps such as Google Maps and Waze is also useful during this period, as they provide live updates on road congestion and suggest faster alternative routes. Another effective tip is using public transport systems like the BRT, which has dedicated lanes that allow faster movement during peak periods.

In essence, rush hour in Lagos does start around 4 p.m., but it intensifies by 5:30 p.m. and can stretch past 9 p.m. in some areas. Avoiding it requires smart timing, patience, and awareness of your route. Leaving early or staying back later can make a big difference in your commuting experience.

What is Lagos time called?

Lagos time is officially known as West Africa Time (WAT), which is UTC +1 hour. This time zone is shared by several West African countries, including Nigeria, Ghana (though Ghana uses GMT), Cameroon, and others in the region. It is one hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC+1).

However, in the local context, “Lagos time” is more than just a clock reference—it’s also a cultural expression. When people say “Lagos time,” they often refer humorously to the city’s fast-paced lifestyle and the tendency for events to start later than scheduled. For instance, if a meeting is set for 10 a.m., some people might jokingly say, “Is that 10 a.m. Lagos time or real time?” implying that things may not start promptly.

This cultural idea of “Lagos time” reflects the city’s unique blend of chaos and creativity. Lagos is always alive—day or night. Its residents are constantly on the move, chasing opportunities, attending events, or navigating traffic. The city’s energy doesn’t slow down, and that’s why Lagosians have learned to adjust their schedules around the reality of their environment.

From a global standpoint, Lagos time never changes to Daylight Saving Time (DST). It remains consistent all year long at UTC+1. This makes it easier for international businesses to coordinate with Lagos, as there’s no time shift like in European or American cities.

Understanding Lagos time also helps in managing your daily routine. For example, knowing when sunrise (around 6:30 a.m.) and sunset (around 6:45 p.m.) occur allows you to plan travel, meetings, and outdoor activities efficiently. It’s particularly important for those navigating traffic, as peak times often coincide with daylight hours.

In business terms, Lagos time keeps the city aligned with other key African economies. Financial institutions, airlines, and multinational companies operate on this time zone to ensure smooth coordination across regions.

In summary, Lagos time is West Africa Time (UTC+1)—but beyond the technical definition, it symbolizes the city’s rhythm, resilience, and energy. Whether you’re working, socializing, or commuting, being aware of Lagos time helps you stay one step ahead in Nigeria’s busiest and most dynamic city.

What are the solutions to traffic congestion in Lagos?

Traffic congestion in Lagos is a complex problem that requires multiple long-term and short-term solutions. One of the most effective strategies is improving public transportation.

When people have access to reliable, safe, and affordable alternatives like BRT buses, ferries, and trains, fewer individuals will need to drive personal cars. The expansion of the Lagos Blue and Red Line rail systems is a positive step in this direction. A strong public transit network reduces the number of vehicles on the road, leading to smoother traffic flow.

Another key solution is infrastructure development. Many Lagos roads were not designed to handle today’s population density. Expanding highways, constructing flyovers, and maintaining existing roads can ease pressure on major routes. Additionally, creating more alternative routes between the Island and Mainland can help distribute traffic evenly.

Technology-based traffic management is also vital. A smart traffic system that uses cameras, sensors, and digital signals can automatically adjust light durations based on traffic density. Real-time updates can also be shared with commuters via apps like Google Maps, making it easier to avoid gridlock.

Furthermore, the government should enforce strict traffic laws. Indiscipline, such as driving against traffic, parking illegally, or blocking intersections, contributes greatly to congestion. Strengthening LASTMA’s capacity and ensuring officers act fairly and efficiently will make a difference.

Lastly, encouraging carpooling, remote work, and staggered office hours can reduce peak-hour congestion. If more people share rides or work from home part of the week, Lagos roads will experience less pressure. Solving traffic congestion in Lagos isn’t easy, but with coordinated policy, public discipline, and modern technology, progress is achievable.

How can we control traffic?

Controlling traffic effectively requires a mix of urban planning, enforcement, and technology. One of the first steps is to regulate vehicle movement through synchronized traffic lights and dedicated lanes for different types of vehicles. For instance, Lagos uses BRT lanes that help public buses move faster than general traffic. Expanding such systems can make transport more efficient.

Enforcing road laws is another crucial step. Traffic authorities like LASTMA and the FRSC must ensure that drivers follow rules, avoid one-way driving, and do not block intersections. Road safety education and awareness campaigns can also help change driver behavior, making roads safer and smoother.

Technology is transforming how cities control traffic. A smart traffic management system can analyze real-time data from cameras and sensors to adjust signal timings and control congestion. Lagos is gradually adopting this approach by installing intelligent traffic lights and surveillance systems in major areas.

Infrastructure improvement also plays a big role. Widening roads, constructing bypasses, and fixing potholes can improve road capacity. In addition, creating more pedestrian walkways and encouraging cycling can reduce vehicle dependence.

Lastly, citizens must play their part. Planning trips outside rush hours, maintaining vehicles properly, and being patient on the road all contribute to better traffic control. Traffic control is not just about government intervention—it’s about collective discipline and smarter mobility choices.

What is a smart traffic management system?

A smart traffic management system (STMS) is a modern approach to controlling road traffic using advanced technology, automation, and data analytics. Instead of relying solely on human officers or manual signals, this system uses sensors, cameras, and intelligent software to monitor and manage the flow of vehicles in real time.

In a smart traffic system, cameras are installed at intersections to capture live traffic data, while sensors embedded in roads detect vehicle density and speed.

The information is sent to a central control center, where algorithms analyze patterns and automatically adjust traffic lights to reduce congestion. For example, if one lane becomes heavily congested, the system can extend the green light duration to ease the flow.

These systems also help in detecting accidents, breakdowns, or illegal driving behaviors faster, allowing authorities to respond immediately. Additionally, smart systems can be linked with navigation apps to provide live traffic updates to drivers, suggesting alternative routes and helping them avoid delays.

For a megacity like Lagos, a smart traffic management system can revolutionize how roads operate. It can reduce waiting times, minimize pollution, and improve safety. Integrating this technology with public transport tracking (like BRT or trains) can make commuting more predictable and efficient.

Globally, cities like Singapore and London have successfully implemented such systems, and Lagos can learn from their models. Over time, as more roads adopt smart systems, the dream of smooth, well-regulated traffic in Lagos could become a reality.

How to beat rush hour traffic?

Beating rush hour traffic in Lagos requires strategic planning, flexibility, and awareness. The first step is timing. Rush hour typically occurs between 6:00–9:00 a.m. and 4:00–8:30 p.m. Leaving home earlier—by 5:30 a.m.—or staying later at work until after 8:00 p.m. helps you completely avoid the worst congestion.

Using real-time traffic apps like Google Maps or Waze is also critical. These tools analyze live conditions and recommend the fastest routes based on current data. They can even redirect you if an accident or roadblock appears ahead.

Another tip is to use alternative routes and modes of transportation. The BRT system and Lagos ferries are reliable options during peak hours. Ferries especially save enormous time for people traveling between the Island and the Mainland.

If your work allows, request flexible or remote work arrangements. Even one or two days of working from home can drastically reduce your time spent in traffic. Additionally, carpooling with colleagues or friends who live nearby can cut costs and stress while also reducing the number of cars on the road.

Finally, plan your errands efficiently. Combine multiple tasks into one trip and avoid scheduling unnecessary outings during peak periods. Beating Lagos rush hour is all about working smarter, not harder—plan ahead, use technology, and be flexible.

How to handle heavy traffic?

Handling heavy traffic in Lagos takes patience, emotional control, and preparation. One of the best ways to deal with it is mental readiness. Accept that traffic is part of Lagos life and plan accordingly. Leave earlier than necessary and keep essential items like water, snacks, or music playlists to stay comfortable during long waits.

Listening to audiobooks or podcasts can also help you make productive use of time. This transforms stressful waiting into a learning or entertainment opportunity.

When stuck in traffic, avoid unnecessary lane-switching. Many drivers make the mistake of jumping between lanes, hoping to move faster, but this often worsens congestion. Stay in your lane, maintain safe distance, and drive patiently.

Always ensure your vehicle is in good condition before leaving home—especially the brakes, fuel, and tires. A breakdown during heavy traffic can cause hours of delay for you and others.

If possible, use public transport or carpooling to reduce your personal driving stress. In heavy traffic, shared transportation can be more relaxing since you’re not the one navigating the chaos.

Finally, maintain emotional discipline. Avoid road rage, arguments, or honking unnecessarily. Staying calm helps you make better driving decisions and keeps your day positive. Heavy traffic is frustrating but manageable with the right mindset, preparation, and patience.

How to stay calm in rush hour traffic?

Staying calm during rush hour traffic in Lagos can be difficult, but it’s not impossible. The city’s gridlocks are often intense and unpredictable, but developing a calm mindset can make the experience more bearable.

The first step is mental preparation. Before leaving home, accept that Lagos traffic is inevitable. By managing your expectations early, you reduce frustration when delays happen. Plan your trips around non-peak hours when possible, and always leave extra time for unexpected hold-ups.

Listening to music, audiobooks, or podcasts can help ease stress and make your commute more enjoyable. Create playlists that keep you relaxed or motivated, depending on your mood. Some people prefer calming instrumentals, while others enjoy comedy or inspirational talks. Turning traffic time into personal or learning time helps you stay positive instead of angry.

Another useful strategy is deep breathing and mindfulness. When you feel irritation rising, take deep, slow breaths to release tension. Remind yourself that honking, shouting, or switching lanes aggressively won’t make the traffic move faster. Staying composed not only keeps your mind clear but also reduces fatigue.

If possible, use carpooling or public transport to lessen the driving burden. Being a passenger allows you to read, chat, or simply relax while someone else handles the steering. You can also avoid parking stress or worrying about road incidents.

Keep your car comfortable too. Make sure your air conditioning works properly, and keep water or light snacks handy. A cool, comfortable space can significantly improve your patience level during long waits.

Finally, practice gratitude. Lagos is full of opportunities, and surviving its traffic chaos daily is a sign of resilience. By maintaining a positive outlook, listening to something uplifting, and staying mentally present, you can turn what feels like wasted time into peaceful or productive moments.

How do I avoid traffic?

Avoiding traffic in Lagos requires smart planning and the right tools. One of the best methods is understanding the city’s traffic patterns. Lagos roads are busiest during 6:00–9:00 a.m. and 4:00–8:30 p.m.

Avoiding travel during these hours can save you hours. Try leaving home before 6:00 a.m. or heading out after 9:30 a.m. Similarly, schedule your evening movements after 8:00 p.m. when roads begin to clear.

Technology is your best friend. Use real-time navigation apps like Google Maps, Waze, or Apple Maps to check live traffic updates before heading out. These apps suggest faster alternative routes and warn you about accidents or road closures.

Another excellent way to avoid traffic is using public transportation. The Lagos BRT system and ferry services provide faster options during rush hours because they operate in dedicated lanes or waterways. Ferries, in particular, can be a game-changer for those traveling between the Island and Mainland.

If your job allows, adopt remote or hybrid work. Working from home one or two days a week can drastically reduce your commuting stress. You can also plan errands or appointments for mid-day when roads are less congested.

Lastly, carpooling with friends, neighbors, or co-workers helps reduce the number of cars on the road while saving fuel. Avoiding traffic isn’t just about avoiding movement; it’s about smart timing, planning, and adapting your schedule to Lagos’s unique rhythm.

What is used to stop traffic?

Traffic is usually stopped or controlled using a combination of traffic lights, road signs, and human enforcement officers. The most common and effective tool is the traffic light system, which uses red, yellow, and green lights to regulate vehicle movement at intersections.

Red means stop, yellow warns drivers to prepare to stop, and green means go. In Lagos, these signals are installed at busy junctions like Ikeja, Ojota, Lekki Phase 1, and Victoria Island.

In addition to traffic lights, road signs and barriers help guide and restrict movement. For example, “Stop” signs, pedestrian crossings, and “No Entry” symbols are placed strategically to ensure safety and order. Physical barriers like speed bumps and cones are used in some areas to slow vehicles down or block entry into restricted lanes.

Human traffic controllers—especially officers from LASTMA (Lagos State Traffic Management Authority)—also play a huge role in stopping and directing vehicles, particularly when lights fail or during emergencies. Their presence helps maintain order and prevent chaos, especially in areas with heavy pedestrian movement.

In advanced systems, smart traffic management technologies are also used. These include cameras, sensors, and digital signals that automatically detect traffic flow and adjust timing to reduce congestion.

Sometimes, traffic may be stopped temporarily due to special circumstances like VIP movement, accidents, or construction. These situations require coordination between LASTMA, police, and sometimes the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC).

In summary, traffic is stopped using lights, signs, barriers, officers, and smart systems—all working together to ensure smooth and safe road usage for everyone.

How do you deal with traffic?

Dealing with traffic in Lagos requires a combination of patience, planning, and emotional control. The first step is to plan ahead. Always check live traffic conditions before leaving. If the roads are bad, delay your trip or choose an alternative route. Carry essentials like water, snacks, and a power bank, especially if you expect a long drive.

Make your car a stress-free zone. Listen to good music, an audiobook, or a podcast to keep your mind engaged. This helps you stay relaxed even when you’re barely moving. Avoid getting angry or honking unnecessarily; it only increases tension and rarely helps.

If possible, use public transport or carpooling to reduce personal driving stress. When someone else is driving, you can read, rest, or use your phone productively. Some Lagosians even use traffic time to plan their day, respond to messages, or meditate.

Always stay alert but calm. Reckless driving, switching lanes aggressively, or trying to force your way through traffic will only cause more delays or accidents. Remember that arriving late is better than never arriving at all.

Lastly, consider adjusting your schedule. Leave earlier in the morning and return home later in the evening to avoid the heaviest traffic. Dealing with Lagos traffic is about being smart, patient, and positive. You can’t always avoid it, but you can control how you respond to it.

What is the busiest road in Lagos?

The busiest road in Lagos is widely considered to be the Third Mainland Bridge. This iconic bridge connects the Mainland to Lagos Island and is one of the longest bridges in Africa. Every day, thousands of vehicles cross it during morning and evening rush hours, making it the city’s major traffic artery.

Because many Lagosians live on the Mainland but work on the Island, the bridge becomes extremely congested during peak hours—especially between 6:30–9:00 a.m. and 4:30–8:30 p.m. The Third Mainland Bridge links critical areas such as Oworonshoki, Yaba, Iyana Oworo, and Lagos Island, making it vital for both commercial and personal movement.

Other notably busy roads include Ikorodu Road, Apapa-Oshodi Expressway, and Lekki-Epe Expressway. These routes handle heavy traffic daily due to their connection to business hubs, ports, and residential areas. The Apapa-Oshodi Expressway, for instance, is always congested because of trucks heading to the Apapa Port for container loading.

The situation is worsened by road repairs, breakdowns, and flooding during the rainy season. However, efforts are ongoing to manage traffic on these routes through BRT expansion, smart traffic lights, and construction of alternative roads like the Fourth Mainland Bridge.

In short, the Third Mainland Bridge remains the busiest and most critical road in Lagos. It symbolizes both the city’s vibrant economy and its daily struggle with congestion. Managing traffic here is key to improving Lagos’s overall transportation system.

What is the poorest area in Lagos?

The poorest area in Lagos is often identified as Makoko, an informal settlement located along the Lagos Lagoon on the mainland. Sometimes called “the Venice of Africa,” Makoko is a floating slum where many houses are built on stilts above water. Despite its unique appearance, the area faces extreme poverty, overcrowding, and poor access to basic amenities such as clean water, healthcare, and education.

Makoko’s population is estimated to be over 250,000 people, although accurate figures are hard to confirm due to the lack of official documentation. The majority of residents are fishermen, petty traders, and artisans who earn very low incomes. The community has both land-based and water-based sections, with families living in wooden shacks connected by narrow walkways or canoes.

The area lacks proper sanitation, and many residents rely on the lagoon for everything—from fishing and bathing to waste disposal. This poses serious health risks, as waterborne diseases are common.

Electricity supply is unreliable, and schools are scarce. Some local and international NGOs have stepped in to provide community schools, health outreach programs, and skill empowerment initiatives, but the needs remain overwhelming.

Makoko’s poverty is deeply tied to urban inequality and neglect. Lagos, as Nigeria’s commercial capital, has enormous wealth concentrated in upscale neighborhoods like Ikoyi, Lekki, and Victoria Island. Yet, communities like Makoko stand in stark contrast, representing the struggle of millions who are left out of urban development.

Despite their challenges, the people of Makoko are remarkably resilient. They have built a strong sense of community and survival. Many residents are innovative, using canoes to transport goods and people, and some young people are breaking boundaries through education and entrepreneurship. The floating school project, for instance, gained international attention for its creative design aimed at addressing educational needs in the slum.

The government has occasionally attempted to clear parts of Makoko in efforts to modernize the city, but these actions often displace families without providing adequate resettlement. Sustainable change requires inclusive policies that provide housing, sanitation, and education without destroying the community’s livelihood.

In essence, Makoko symbolizes both the hardship and the strength of Lagos. It remains one of the poorest areas in the city, but also one of the most inspiring examples of human resilience in the face of adversity.

What’s the worst city for traffic?

When it comes to the worst traffic in the world, several global studies consistently rank Lagos, Nigeria, among the top contenders. However, it often competes with other megacities like Manila (Philippines), Mumbai (India), and Jakarta (Indonesia) for the title of the world’s most congested city.

Lagos stands out because of its combination of overpopulation, poor road infrastructure, and urban sprawl. With more than 20 million residents and thousands of new vehicles added to the roads each year, the city’s transport system is overwhelmed. The average Lagos commuter spends between three to six hours daily stuck in traffic, especially during rush hours.

The Third Mainland Bridge, Lekki-Epe Expressway, and Apapa-Oshodi Expressway are notorious bottlenecks. Heavy truck traffic near Apapa Port, frequent accidents, and road repairs often cause gridlocks that can last for hours. Despite the city’s efforts to improve infrastructure, the rapid population growth and inadequate urban planning continue to create chaos on the roads.

Globally, cities like Manila and Jakarta face similar challenges. Manila’s narrow roads and dense population create long commuting times, while Jakarta’s old transport system struggles to keep up with demand. Mumbai, another contender, suffers from overcrowded streets and unpredictable monsoon flooding, which makes traffic unbearable during the rainy season.

However, what makes Lagos’s situation particularly challenging is the lack of viable alternatives. Many residents depend heavily on personal vehicles because the public transportation network is still developing. Although the introduction of BRT buses, ferries, and the Lagos Rail Line has improved mobility, it is not yet sufficient to meet the needs of millions.

To solve this, Lagos is investing in smart traffic management systems and infrastructure projects like the Fourth Mainland Bridge and expanded ferry routes. These initiatives aim to reduce gridlock and provide more efficient movement across the state.

In conclusion, while cities like Manila, Jakarta, and Mumbai also face severe traffic problems, Lagos remains one of the most traffic-congested cities in the world.

The combination of population density, limited roads, and inconsistent traffic discipline makes it a global symbol of urban congestion. Still, ongoing efforts and innovation offer hope that the “worst city for traffic” may one day become a model for efficient urban mobility.

Why does Lagos have so much traffic?

Lagos has so much traffic because of a combination of rapid population growth, inadequate road infrastructure, poor urban planning, and high vehicle density. As Nigeria’s economic hub, Lagos attracts millions of people every year seeking jobs, business, and better opportunities.

The city’s population now exceeds 20 million, but its road network has not expanded at the same pace. This imbalance between people, cars, and available road space is one of the major reasons for the constant congestion.

One major factor is the concentration of commercial activities in limited areas. Many residents live on the Mainland but work on the Island, creating a daily movement pattern that overwhelms major bridges like the Third Mainland Bridge, Eko Bridge, and Carter Bridge. The same roads are also used by trucks transporting goods from Apapa Port, adding to the gridlock.

Poor traffic discipline is another major cause. Many drivers in Lagos ignore road rules, drive against traffic (“one-way”), or park illegally on narrow roads, blocking lanes and worsening congestion. Even minor breakdowns can cause long delays, especially when traffic officers are not present to manage flow.

Additionally, road quality and maintenance are poor in several parts of the city. Potholes, flooding, and ongoing road repairs often force vehicles to slow down or divert, creating bottlenecks. The lack of efficient and affordable public transportation also pushes people to rely on personal cars and commercial buses, further increasing road density.

Finally, uncoordinated urban planning has led to residential and commercial areas being built without sufficient consideration for traffic flow. This means that even new estates and business districts quickly become jammed.

In summary, Lagos traffic results from too many vehicles, inadequate infrastructure, poor road behavior, and unbalanced city design. Until these issues are systematically addressed, congestion will remain a daily struggle for most Lagosians.

What does LAMATA stand for?

LAMATA stands for Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority. It is the government agency responsible for planning, regulating, and coordinating public transport operations within Lagos State.

Established in 2002, LAMATA was created to address the city’s growing traffic challenges and ensure a sustainable, efficient, and integrated transport system.

LAMATA’s primary goal is to develop a multimodal transport network—one that connects roads, rails, and waterways—so Lagosians can move easily across the state.

The agency introduced the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system in 2008, which remains one of its biggest achievements. The BRT buses operate in dedicated lanes, allowing them to bypass regular traffic and reduce commuting time for thousands of passengers daily.

LAMATA also manages the Lagos Rail Mass Transit projects, including the Blue Line and the upcoming Red Line, both designed to ease congestion and provide fast, reliable transport options.

In addition, LAMATA is involved in road infrastructure upgrades, traffic management improvements, and partnerships with private companies to expand transportation options. Its focus on smart mobility and sustainable urban planning has helped position Lagos as one of the few African cities implementing long-term transportation reforms.

In essence, LAMATA is the backbone of transportation innovation in Lagos. Through its policies and projects, it aims to create a connected, efficient city where people spend less time in traffic and more time being productive.

Which body manages and controls traffic in Lagos State?

The body responsible for managing and controlling traffic in Lagos State is the Lagos State Traffic Management Authority (LASTMA). Established in 2000 under the Lagos State Transport Sector Reform Law, LASTMA’s primary mission is to ensure the free flow of traffic, reduce road accidents, and enforce traffic regulations within the state.

LASTMA officers are a familiar sight on Lagos roads. They are stationed at major intersections, bridges, and highways to monitor vehicle movement, control congestion, and handle violations. Their duties include directing vehicles during rush hours, assisting in accident scenes, and ensuring drivers obey traffic lights and signs.

The agency also plays an educational role by running public awareness campaigns to promote better road behavior and discipline among drivers. It works closely with other government agencies such as LAMATA, FRSC (Federal Road Safety Corps), and the Nigeria Police Force to coordinate overall traffic management efforts.

LASTMA’s impact is significant, though not without criticism. Many Lagosians appreciate their presence during heavy congestion, while others raise concerns about enforcement methods and corruption among some officers. Nonetheless, LASTMA remains essential in maintaining order on Lagos roads.

Their long-term goal is to complement Lagos’s growing smart traffic infrastructure by integrating technology—such as CCTV monitoring, traffic sensors, and digital ticketing—to make road management more efficient.

In summary, LASTMA serves as the frontline agency for traffic control in Lagos State, working daily to reduce congestion, enforce discipline, and make transportation safer for everyone.

What is the best time to avoid rush hour?

The best time to avoid rush hour in Lagos depends on your route, but generally, you should travel before 6:00 a.m. or after 9:30 a.m. in the morning, and after 8:00 p.m. in the evening. Lagos traffic peaks when most workers are heading to or returning from their offices, especially between 6:30–9:00 a.m. and 4:30–8:30 p.m.

If you must drive during these periods, leaving just 30–45 minutes earlier can make a significant difference. Many experienced commuters leave home before dawn to beat the first wave of traffic. Others prefer staying late at work or running errands before heading home in the evening to avoid being stuck in jams.

Weekends generally have lighter traffic, except on Saturdays between 9:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m., when people go shopping or attend events. Sundays are typically the calmest, making them the best days for long-distance trips within the city.

To plan your movement wisely, use real-time navigation apps like Google Maps or Waze. They provide live updates and alternate routes to help you avoid congested areas.

Timing is everything in Lagos. If you learn the traffic patterns in your area and plan ahead, you can save hours weekly and reduce stress significantly.

What time does rush hour calm down?

In Lagos, rush hour typically starts to calm down around 9:30 a.m. in the morning and after 8:00 p.m. in the evening. These are the periods when most workers have already arrived at or left their destinations, and the traffic gradually begins to clear.

Morning traffic is heaviest from 6:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m., especially on routes connecting the Mainland to the Island. Roads like Ikorodu Road, Third Mainland Bridge, and Lekki-Epe Expressway experience significant slowdowns. After 9:30 a.m., movement becomes smoother, although pockets of congestion can still appear around markets and schools.

Evening rush hour starts around 4:30 p.m., peaking between 5:30 and 7:30 p.m., when workers leave offices and businesses close for the day. The gridlock usually begins to ease after 8:00 p.m., and by 9:00 p.m., most major roads are relatively free.

However, weather, road repairs, or accidents can alter these times. For instance, during heavy rain or port activity near Apapa, traffic can persist until midnight. Using navigation apps or following Lagos Traffic Radio (96.1 FM) can help you get real-time updates to plan your trips more effectively.

Knowing when traffic calms down helps you move smarter in Lagos. By scheduling your errands or outings outside these peak periods, you’ll enjoy faster commutes and a more peaceful journey.

Is rush hour 2 directly after rush hour 1?

No, rush hour 2 does not come immediately after rush hour 1; there is a significant break between the two periods. In Lagos and most urban cities, rush hours are divided into two main sessions—the morning rush hour (rush hour 1) and the evening rush hour (rush hour 2). These periods represent the times of day when roads experience the heaviest traffic due to mass movement of people commuting to and from work or school.

Rush hour 1 typically occurs between 6:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. This is when most residents leave their homes for work, schools, and business destinations. Roads like the Third Mainland Bridge, Lekki-Epe Expressway, Oshodi-Apapa Expressway, and Ikorodu Road become extremely congested as thousands of vehicles head toward the Island and major business districts.

After the morning rush, there’s usually a period of relative calm between 10:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. During this time, traffic volume reduces considerably, except in markets, construction zones, or near ports like Apapa. This mid-day break allows traffic officers to manage flow, and it’s generally the best time for errands or deliveries.

Rush hour 2, the evening rush, usually starts around 4:30 p.m. and lasts until 8:30 p.m. It is the period when workers and students return home. The traffic direction reverses—vehicles move from the Island back to the Mainland or from office areas to residential neighborhoods.

The gap between rush hour 1 and rush hour 2 is therefore several hours long. Understanding this pattern is crucial for Lagos drivers who want to plan their trips efficiently. By scheduling movements outside these two windows, you can avoid the worst traffic delays.

In summary, rush hour 2 doesn’t follow directly after rush hour 1; rather, they are two distinct periods of heavy congestion separated by a mid-day lull.

Who is the richest man in Lagos State?

As of recent reports, the richest man in Lagos State—and indeed in Africa—is Aliko Dangote, the founder and chairman of the Dangote Group. Though he was born in Kano, Dangote’s business empire is heavily centered in Lagos, where he resides and runs major operations. Lagos serves as the financial heart of his diverse conglomerate, which includes interests in cement, sugar, salt, flour, and the oil industry.

According to Forbes, Aliko Dangote’s net worth is estimated at over $13 billion, making him not only the richest man in Lagos but also the richest in Africa. His company, Dangote Cement, has its headquarters in Lagos and contributes significantly to Nigeria’s GDP.

Beyond cement, Dangote is also behind the Dangote Refinery, located in the Lekki Free Trade Zone. This refinery, one of the largest in the world, has strengthened his economic influence and created thousands of jobs. His success is often cited as a model for entrepreneurship and industrial development in Nigeria.

Aside from Dangote, other wealthy Lagos-based businessmen include Mike Adenuga, founder of Globacom, and Femi Otedola, a key player in the energy and finance sectors. However, Dangote remains the wealthiest and most influential due to his vast investments and long-standing dominance across multiple industries.

His wealth has made Lagos not just his home but also a global business hub, attracting investors and industries that further boost the city’s economy.

What does Lagos mean in English?

The name “Lagos” is derived from the Portuguese word for “lakes.” Portuguese explorers gave the area this name in the 15th century when they arrived on the West African coast and encountered the network of lagoons, creeks, and waterways surrounding the settlement.

Before the Portuguese arrived, the area was originally called “Eko” by the Awori people, who were among the earliest inhabitants. “Eko” was the name used by the Benin Empire when it took control of the region. The Portuguese traders who visited the area around the 1470s renamed it “Lagos” because of its resemblance to the coastal lagoons of Lagos, a port city in Portugal.

So, in English, “Lagos” literally translates to “lakes.” The name reflects the geography of the region—numerous water bodies and islands connected by bridges and waterways. These natural features have shaped the city’s identity and contributed to its history as a major trading and transport center.

Today, both names—Eko and Lagos—are still used interchangeably by locals. “Eko” represents the city’s indigenous Yoruba heritage, while “Lagos” stands as its global identity. The dual names symbolize the blend of tradition and modernity that defines Nigeria’s most dynamic city.

Who owns Lagos State?

Lagos State is owned and governed by the Lagos State Government, under the leadership of a democratically elected Governor. The state does not belong to any individual or group but is a legal and administrative entity created in 1967 when Nigeria’s 12 states were first established by General Yakubu Gowon.

The people of Lagos—its citizens and residents—are the true collective owners. The government acts as a representative body that manages resources, infrastructure, and services on behalf of the public. This includes policies on housing, education, transportation, and urban development.

However, it’s worth noting that traditional ownership of parts of Lagos predates colonial times. The Awori and Benin people were the earliest settlers, and the Oba of Lagos, a respected traditional ruler, still holds cultural authority. While the Oba’s role is ceremonial today, he represents the historical and ancestral ownership of Lagos lands.

In legal terms, ownership and control of Lagos rest with the state government, which operates under the Nigerian Constitution. The governor, commissioners, and legislative assembly are responsible for governance and public administration.

Therefore, while Lagos has traditional and historical roots tied to its indigenous people, the state as an entity is owned by its citizens collectively and governed through constitutional democracy.

What are the three traffic controls?

Traffic control devices are essential for ensuring safety and order on the roads. The three main traffic controls used globally—and in Lagos—are traffic signals, road signs, and pavement markings.

1. Traffic Signals: These are electronic lights that use red, yellow, and green signals to manage vehicle and pedestrian movement at intersections. Red means stop, yellow warns drivers to prepare to stop, and green means go. In Lagos, these lights are installed at major junctions to reduce chaos and regulate flow, especially where roads converge.

2. Road Signs: These include regulatory, warning, and informational signs that guide road users. Regulatory signs, like “No Parking” or “One Way,” tell drivers what they must or must not do. Warning signs alert drivers about potential dangers ahead, such as bends or pedestrian crossings. Informational signs help drivers find directions, distances, or services.

3. Pavement Markings: These are painted lines and symbols on the road surface that guide movement. For example, white lines separate lanes, arrows show direction, and zebra crossings mark safe pedestrian areas. In Lagos, these markings are crucial for maintaining order, especially where traffic lights are absent.

Together, these three traffic control tools help prevent accidents, manage congestion, and promote smoother, safer driving experiences.

What is the best way to solve traffic?

The best way to solve traffic in Lagos—or any densely populated city—is through a combination of efficient public transportation, smart urban planning, strict traffic enforcement, and technology-driven traffic management. Lagos traffic has become a defining challenge for its residents, but it can be managed with well-coordinated and sustainable solutions.

The first and most effective solution is to expand and improve public transportation systems. When more people can rely on fast, comfortable, and affordable public transport, fewer cars will be on the road.

The Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (LAMATA) is already working toward this goal through the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system and the Lagos Rail Mass Transit (Blue and Red Lines). These initiatives, if expanded and well-maintained, can drastically reduce private car use.

Secondly, urban planning and zoning reforms are crucial. Lagos grew rapidly without proper coordination between residential and commercial areas. As a result, millions of people live far from their workplaces. Encouraging mixed-use developments—where people can live, work, and shop in the same area—would significantly reduce the need for long daily commutes.

Another key step is traffic law enforcement and driver education. Many of Lagos’s traffic problems are caused by poor road discipline—drivers running red lights, parking illegally, or driving against traffic. S

trengthening enforcement through the Lagos State Traffic Management Authority (LASTMA) and implementing strict penalties can reduce these behaviors. At the same time, promoting road safety education helps drivers understand their responsibility on the road.

Technology also plays a major role. The introduction of smart traffic lights, CCTV monitoring, and automated traffic control systems can improve road efficiency. Real-time data can help authorities monitor congestion and adjust light signals dynamically to optimize flow. Apps that provide live updates, like Google Maps and Waze, already help Lagosians choose better routes.

Lastly, improving road infrastructure and alternative routes is vital. The construction of the Fourth Mainland Bridge, expansion of ferry services, and rehabilitation of major highways will provide more options for commuters and ease pressure on the existing road network.

In summary, solving traffic in Lagos requires a mix of innovation, discipline, and long-term planning. By combining modern transport systems with strong policy implementation, the city can transform its gridlock into a more organized and efficient urban mobility network.

How to be safe in traffic?

Being safe in Lagos traffic requires a conscious effort, awareness, and patience. The roads can be unpredictable, but by following certain principles, drivers and passengers can protect themselves and others.

The first rule of traffic safety is defensive driving. Always assume that other drivers might make mistakes. Keep a safe distance from the car ahead and avoid sudden lane changes. In Lagos, where commercial buses (danfos) and motorbikes (okadas) often weave through traffic, defensive driving helps you anticipate movements and react calmly.

Secondly, obey all traffic laws and signals. Red means stop—always. Many accidents happen because drivers ignore traffic lights or attempt to beat them. Also, avoid driving on one-way roads or using pedestrian walkways as shortcuts. Following traffic rules doesn’t just keep you safe; it helps maintain order for everyone.

Avoid distractions while driving. Don’t text, make calls, or eat behind the wheel. Lagos roads are busy, and taking your eyes off the road for even a few seconds can lead to serious accidents. Use hands-free devices if calls are absolutely necessary, and pull over if you need to check something on your phone.

It’s also essential to maintain your vehicle regularly. Faulty brakes, worn tires, or dim headlights can turn a normal drive into a dangerous situation. Before setting out, check your fuel, brakes, and lights. In the rainy season, ensure your wipers and defoggers work properly for better visibility.

When in traffic jams, stay alert and lock your doors. Petty theft can occur when vehicles are stationary, especially in crowded areas. Avoid displaying valuables and keep windows partially closed.

Pedestrians should also stay cautious. Always cross at designated areas, use pedestrian bridges where available, and avoid running across major roads.

Finally, practice patience and courtesy. Honking excessively, shouting, or trying to outsmart other drivers increases tension and the likelihood of accidents. Lagos traffic requires calmness. Give way when necessary and avoid confrontation with other drivers or traffic officers.

In summary, being safe in Lagos traffic means combining alertness, discipline, and self-control. Follow the rules, respect other road users, and maintain your vehicle. Safety begins with each individual, and when everyone plays their part, Lagos roads can become safer and more efficient for all.

How to survive Rush Hour?

Surviving rush hour in a bustling city like Lagos requires a mix of smart planning, patience, and adaptability. Lagos traffic can test anyone’s endurance, especially during peak hours when thousands of vehicles struggle for limited road space. However, adopting practical strategies can make the experience less stressful and more manageable.

The first and most effective step is timing your movement wisely. Try leaving home early—before 6:00 a.m.—to beat the early morning crowd. Similarly, delay your evening departure until after 8:00 p.m. when roads begin to clear. Planning your schedule around known traffic patterns can save you hours each week.

Secondly, use real-time navigation tools like Google Maps or Waze. These apps provide live traffic updates and suggest alternative routes, helping you avoid gridlocked roads. Lagos drivers often benefit from taking lesser-known shortcuts or internal roads when the major highways are jammed.

Public transport options such as the BRT (Bus Rapid Transit), ferry services, and trains can also help you survive rush hour. They are usually faster because of dedicated lanes or water routes that bypass regular road congestion.

While in traffic, keep your mind engaged and calm. Listen to music, podcasts, or audiobooks that interest you. This turns what could be wasted time into a period of learning or relaxation. Avoid unnecessary honking, shouting, or arguing with other drivers—these only increase stress.

Lastly, prepare your car and yourself. Keep snacks, water, and a power bank handy. Dress comfortably and ensure your car has enough fuel. If you’re driving long distances, make sure your air conditioning and brakes are working properly.

Surviving rush hour isn’t about avoiding traffic entirely—it’s about being mentally and physically prepared for it. With the right mindset, you can turn the chaos of Lagos traffic into a manageable part of daily life.

Which city has the worst Rush Hour traffic?

The city widely recognized as having the worst rush hour traffic in the world is Manila, the capital of the Philippines. However, Lagos, Nigeria, also ranks among the top five globally for congestion. Both cities share similar challenges—rapid population growth, poor road infrastructure, and high dependence on private vehicles.

According to global traffic reports such as the TomTom Traffic Index, Manila consistently ranks as one of the most congested cities on earth. Commuters there spend up to four hours daily stuck in traffic, with rush hour stretching well into the night. The city’s narrow streets, high population density, and limited public transport options make mobility extremely difficult.

In Africa, Lagos is often referred to as the continent’s traffic capital. With over 20 million residents and thousands of new vehicles entering the roads each year, Lagos faces gridlocks that can last for hours. The situation worsens during rainy seasons or when accidents occur on key routes like the Third Mainland Bridge or Lekki-Epe Expressway.

Other cities with severe rush hour traffic include Mumbai (India), Jakarta (Indonesia), Bangkok (Thailand), and Mexico City (Mexico). What these cities have in common is a lack of synchronized traffic management systems and urban planning that hasn’t kept pace with rapid urbanization.

Despite these challenges, solutions such as rail expansion, carpooling, and smart traffic management systems are helping to reduce congestion in some of these cities. Still, for now, Manila and Lagos remain infamous for having some of the worst rush hour experiences worldwide.

How do I turn off Rush Hour?

You can’t literally “turn off” rush hour, but you can avoid or minimize its effects by adjusting your routine and using technology to your advantage. Rush hour is a fixed part of city life—especially in Lagos—when most people commute to and from work. However, smart planning can make it feel like you’ve “turned it off.”

One effective approach is schedule adjustment. If your job allows, try a flexible work arrangement. Arriving at work before 7:00 a.m. or leaving after 9:00 a.m. can help you skip the worst of the morning rush. Similarly, leaving work after 8:00 p.m. helps you avoid the evening gridlock.

If you work remotely or have hybrid options, take advantage of them. Working from home a few days a week drastically reduces your exposure to traffic.

Use real-time apps to monitor congestion before setting out. Google Maps, Waze, or Lagos Traffic Radio updates can show you which roads to avoid. Taking alternative routes, even if slightly longer in distance, can often be faster in time.

Another trick is using public transportation. The BRT buses, ferries, or trains in Lagos operate on designated routes and are often faster during rush hours. You can relax and avoid the stress of driving through chaotic traffic.

Ultimately, “turning off rush hour” means being proactive—leaving early, planning smarter, and making use of technology. While you can’t eliminate traffic completely, you can make it work around your lifestyle instead of against it.

What are traffic calming methods?

Traffic calming methods are design and engineering strategies used to slow down or control the flow of vehicles in specific areas, especially residential or high-pedestrian zones. Their main purpose is to improve road safety, reduce accidents, and create a safer environment for all road users.

Common traffic calming methods include:

1. Speed Bumps and Humps: These are raised portions of the road that force drivers to slow down. They are commonly found near schools, markets, and residential areas in Lagos.

2. Roundabouts: Instead of traffic lights, roundabouts help manage flow at intersections and reduce the likelihood of high-speed collisions.

3. Road Narrowing (Chicanes): This involves reducing the width of roads to slow traffic naturally. It makes drivers more cautious and attentive.

4. Pedestrian Crossings: Clearly marked zebra crossings give pedestrians the right of way and encourage drivers to reduce speed.

5. Raised Intersections and Platforms: These make crosswalks and intersections more visible to drivers, enhancing safety.

6. Signage and Road Markings: Warning signs, speed limit boards, and reflective markings help guide drivers and alert them to changes in traffic conditions.

In Lagos, authorities use many of these methods to manage traffic in busy areas like Ikeja, Yaba, and Surulere. Traffic calming is not just about slowing cars; it’s about creating safer, more livable neighborhoods.

How to mentally deal with traffic?

Mentally dealing with traffic requires patience, positive thinking, and emotional control. Lagos traffic can be draining—long hours, noise, and slow movement often lead to frustration. However, you can train your mind to remain calm and even use the time productively.

Start by accepting traffic as part of city life. Fighting or complaining about it every day only adds stress. Instead, plan ahead and leave early so you don’t feel rushed. Knowing you have enough time makes delays less frustrating.

Keep your mind occupied with enjoyable or educational content. Listen to music, audiobooks, or podcasts that make the time pass quickly. Some people use traffic time for self-development, listening to motivational talks or language lessons.

Practice mindfulness and deep breathing when anxiety or anger arises. Take deep breaths, focus on the present moment, and remind yourself that honking or shouting won’t make cars move faster.

It’s also important to stay comfortable. Keep your car cool, wear light clothing, and have water nearby. Comfort reduces irritability.

Lastly, stay positive. Turn traffic time into reflection time—think, plan your day, or pray. When you shift your mindset from frustration to patience, traffic becomes less of a burden.

Mental calmness is a superpower on Lagos roads. When you remain composed, your drive becomes safer, smoother, and even more productive.

How to avoid traffic during rush hour?

Avoiding traffic during rush hour in Lagos requires strategic planning, technology use, and flexibility in daily routines. Rush hour traffic is usually unavoidable for most workers, but there are smart ways to minimize your time on the road and reduce stress.

The first step is understanding Lagos traffic patterns. Morning rush hour typically runs from 6:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m., while evening rush hour peaks between 4:30 p.m. and 9:00 p.m. Knowing these time frames helps you plan your movement accordingly.

If possible, leave your home earlier than 6:00 a.m. or later than 9:00 a.m. for morning commutes, and delay your return trip until after 8:00 p.m. in the evening.

Next, use navigation and traffic apps like Google Maps, Waze, or Apple Maps. These tools offer real-time updates on traffic conditions and suggest alternate routes. In Lagos, minor inner roads in areas like Surulere, Maryland, or Gbagada can serve as effective shortcuts when the main highways are jammed.

Another effective way to avoid rush hour is by using public transport systems such as the BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) or the Lagos ferry services. The BRT buses often use dedicated lanes that bypass private vehicle traffic, and ferries can help you skip road congestion entirely, especially if you live around Lekki, Ikorodu, or Apapa.

If your workplace allows, consider flexible working hours or remote work options. Many Lagos employers now permit hybrid schedules. This flexibility allows you to plan your trips during off-peak hours, drastically reducing your commute time.

Finally, plan your errands efficiently. Combine multiple tasks into one trip, and use weekends for non-urgent outings. When you plan carefully, you spend less time driving during busy hours.

In essence, avoiding traffic in Lagos during rush hour requires a blend of early planning, smart technology, and patience. By adjusting your timing and travel habits, you can save precious hours and make your commute much smoother.

What is the preferred device for controlling traffic?

The traffic light (also known as a traffic signal) is the preferred and most widely used device for controlling traffic flow around the world, including in Lagos. Traffic lights manage vehicle and pedestrian movements at intersections, ensuring safety and reducing collisions.

A traffic light operates through a three-color system—red for stop, yellow (amber) for caution, and green for go. This simple color code is universally understood and helps maintain order on busy roads.

In modern cities, traffic lights are often computerized and connected to central control systems, allowing authorities to adjust timing and monitor traffic conditions remotely.

In Lagos, traffic lights are installed at major intersections such as Allen Avenue, Ojota, Lekki Roundabout, and Victoria Island. These signals are managed by the Lagos State Traffic Management Authority (LASTMA) in collaboration with other government bodies.

Beyond traditional lights, many advanced cities now use smart traffic control systems that incorporate sensors, cameras, and artificial intelligence to optimize traffic flow. For example, sensors embedded in roads can detect vehicle buildup and automatically adjust signal timing to ease congestion.

In addition to traffic lights, other devices such as road signs, speed cameras, and digital message boards play supporting roles in controlling traffic. They provide drivers with guidance, warnings, and updates about road conditions.

In summary, the traffic light remains the most preferred and effective device for controlling traffic. It promotes safety, ensures order, and, when combined with modern smart technologies, can significantly reduce urban congestion.

What is the most common traffic stop?

The most common traffic stop in Lagos—and in many parts of the world—is for speeding, illegal parking, and traffic light violations. These infractions often result in drivers being pulled over by traffic officers such as LASTMA officials or police officers.

Speeding is one of the top causes of road accidents. Even though Lagos roads are often congested, some drivers tend to accelerate excessively on open stretches like the Lekki-Epe Expressway or Third Mainland Bridge. Traffic officers usually set up checkpoints in these areas to monitor and control over-speeding.

Illegal parking is another frequent reason for traffic stops. Many drivers park along major roads or block entrances, especially near markets or bus stops. These actions obstruct traffic flow and can lead to serious congestion. LASTMA and local councils often clamp or tow vehicles parked illegally.

Running red lights or disobeying traffic signals is another common offense. Some drivers try to beat the light, putting pedestrians and other road users at risk. Traffic cameras and stationed officers monitor intersections to catch offenders.

Other reasons for traffic stops include driving without valid documents, such as driver’s licenses, vehicle insurance, or roadworthiness certificates. Drivers caught without proper documentation are often fined or required to visit the nearest Vehicle Inspection Office (VIO).

While traffic stops can be inconvenient, they play an important role in maintaining safety and discipline on Lagos roads. Obeying traffic laws, staying patient, and keeping all vehicle papers up to date will help you avoid unnecessary stops and penalties.

How to control traffic in your city?

Controlling traffic in a busy city like Lagos involves a combination of infrastructure development, effective management, and behavioral change among road users. Every growing city faces congestion, but coordinated systems can significantly reduce the problem.

Firstly, improve and expand road networks. Cities must invest in new roads, bridges, and alternative routes. For Lagos, projects like the Fourth Mainland Bridge and the expansion of the Lekki-Epe Expressway are designed to redistribute traffic and ease bottlenecks.

Secondly, strengthen public transport systems. When citizens have access to reliable buses, ferries, and trains, fewer people rely on personal vehicles. The Lagos Blue and Red Rail Lines are good examples of long-term investments that can transform commuting patterns.

Implement intelligent traffic management systems (ITMS) that use technology to monitor and control road movement. These systems can include real-time cameras, automated signals, and traffic sensors that adjust flow dynamically.

Strict law enforcement is equally crucial. Agencies like LASTMA must consistently monitor roads, ensure drivers follow rules, and penalize offenders. However, enforcement should be transparent, fair, and free from corruption.

Lastly, public education plays a big role. Regular campaigns should teach drivers about safe road practices, lane discipline, and the importance of obeying signals.

Controlling traffic requires a partnership between government authorities, drivers, and commuters. With strong planning, modern technology, and civic responsibility, any city can manage traffic more efficiently and improve the quality of urban life.

How to avoid Lagos traffic?

Avoiding Lagos traffic completely may not be possible, but you can significantly reduce your time on the road through strategic timing, smart route planning, and alternative transport choices.

Start by planning your movements outside peak hours. Morning rush hour usually starts at 6:00 a.m. and lasts until 9:00 a.m., while evening traffic begins around 4:30 p.m. and can continue until 9:00 p.m. Leaving earlier or later than these times helps you escape the worst congestion.

Use navigation apps such as Google Maps, Waze, or Lagos Traffic Radio to track live traffic updates. These apps suggest alternative routes and highlight accident zones or roadblocks.

Whenever possible, use public transport options like BRT buses or ferries. The BRT system uses dedicated lanes, allowing buses to move faster than private cars during gridlock. Ferries are another great option for residents living around Ikorodu, Lekki, or Apapa—they completely bypass the roads.

If you drive, maintain your vehicle properly. A broken-down car in the middle of Lagos traffic can cause massive delays. Always check your fuel, tires, and engine before leaving home.

Lastly, adopt patience and discipline. Avoid driving on one-way roads or using pedestrian paths as shortcuts—it may seem faster but often leads to worse traffic and penalties.

With proper timing, use of technology, and smart travel habits, you can navigate Lagos roads more efficiently and avoid much of the city’s notorious congestion.

What is the most expensive street in Lagos?

The most expensive street in Lagos is Banana Island Road, located in Ikoyi, one of the most luxurious neighborhoods in Nigeria. Banana Island is often referred to as the “Beverly Hills of Lagos” because of its exclusivity, high-end real estate, and the caliber of residents it attracts — including business tycoons, top government officials, and celebrities.

Banana Island Road and the surrounding estate were built on reclaimed land, designed as a planned community with world-class infrastructure. It features underground electrical systems, private security, clean roads, constant electricity, and well-managed drainage systems — amenities that are rare in many parts of Lagos.

Properties on Banana Island Road are among the most expensive in Africa. The cost of land per square meter can range from ₦1.5 million to over ₦3 million, depending on location and view. A standard five-bedroom detached house in the area can sell for over ₦1 billion or rent for more than ₦25 million per year.

Other luxury streets close to Banana Island Road include Alexander Road, Gerrard Road, and Bourdillon Road in Ikoyi, as well as Admiralty Way in Lekki Phase 1 and Queens Drive in Old Ikoyi. These areas are known for their beautiful architecture, waterfront views, and proximity to Lagos Island’s business district.

Banana Island is not just a residential hub; it also hosts the offices of major corporations and tech firms, creating a blend of luxury and commerce. The quiet environment, good security, and reliable infrastructure make it the most sought-after and expensive location in Lagos.

In summary, Banana Island Road remains the symbol of wealth, prestige, and sophistication in Lagos. It showcases the elite side of the city and represents what modern luxury living looks like in Nigeria’s commercial capital.

Where is the biggest slum in Lagos?

The biggest slum in Lagos is Makoko, located along the Lagos Lagoon near the Third Mainland Bridge. Makoko is often described as the “Venice of Africa,” not because of glamour, but because much of the community is built on stilts above water.

Makoko has existed for over a century and is home to an estimated 250,000 to 300,000 people, although official figures vary. The community is divided into two main parts — the land area and the floating area. The floating section is the most famous, with wooden houses supported by stilts driven deep into the lagoon bed. Canoes are the main form of transportation, and the area functions as a self-sustained ecosystem.

Despite its poverty and lack of basic infrastructure, Makoko is a vibrant community. Most residents are fishermen, traders, and artisans, and the area has a strong sense of togetherness. However, the challenges are enormous. There is limited access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare, and many children lack access to formal education.

Several non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and social enterprises have stepped in to help improve living conditions. Projects such as the Makoko Floating School, designed by architect Kunlé Adeyemi, brought global attention to the slum’s innovative spirit and the resilience of its residents.

Makoko’s situation reflects the broader urban housing crisis in Lagos. The city’s population continues to grow rapidly, and many low-income families are forced to live in informal settlements due to high housing costs.

While Makoko faces daily challenges, it remains a symbol of Lagos’s diversity — a place where hardship meets creativity and survival. It also serves as a reminder of the need for sustainable urban planning and inclusive development in one of Africa’s fastest-growing megacities.